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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

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Self-Assisted Standing Enabled by Non-Invasive Spinal Stimulation after Spinal Cord Injury.

Dimitry G Sayenko1,2, Mrinal Rath1,3, Adam R Ferguson4

  • 11 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.

Journal of Neurotrauma
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Electrical spinal stimulation enables individuals with chronic paralysis to stand independently. Repeated training sessions further enhance postural control and leg muscle activity, demonstrating the potential of neuromodulation for motor recovery after spinal cord injury.

Keywords:
balance controlneuromodulationneuroplasticityparalysistranscutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in paralysis, significantly impacting motor control and independence.
  • Neuromodulation techniques, particularly electrical spinal stimulation, show promise in restoring function by targeting neural networks.
  • Restoring standing ability is a critical goal for improving quality of life after SCI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation can facilitate unassisted standing in individuals with chronic paralysis.
  • To investigate the impact of repeated stand training sessions on postural control and muscle activity.
  • To explore the modulatory effects of electrical stimulation on lumbosacral spinal networks.

Main Methods:

  • A double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject crossover study design was employed.
  • 15 participants with varying severities of SCI received transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation.
  • Outcomes included qualitative assessment of external assistance needed for standing and quantitative measures of balance and muscle activity.

Main Results:

  • No participants could stand unassisted without or with sham stimulation.
  • All participants achieved upright standing with minimal to no external assistance using electrical spinal stimulation.
  • Postural control and leg muscle activity improved with practice and were dependent on muscle loading during standing.

Conclusions:

  • Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation can effectively modulate lumbosacral spinal networks to enable self-assisted standing in individuals with chronic paralysis.
  • This neuromodulation approach offers a potential pathway for motor recovery and improved independence after SCI.
  • Practice-dependent improvements in balance suggest that combining stimulation with training can enhance functional outcomes.