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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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Related Experiment Video

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Multifocal Electroretinograms
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Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.

Elena Grebenciucova1, Joseph R Berger2

  • 1Multiple Sclerosis Division, Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Neurologic Clinics
|October 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare brain infection caused by the John Cunningham virus in immunocompromised patients. This review covers PML risks with immunotherapies and strategies for mitigation and monitoring.

Keywords:
John Cunningham virusOpportunistic infectionProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, opportunistic infection affecting the brain.
  • It is caused by the John Cunningham virus (JCV), which is latent in most adults.
  • PML occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems due to illness or immunosuppressive medications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review PML in the context of common immunotherapies.
  • To discuss strategies for mitigating and monitoring PML risk.
  • To provide an overview of PML associated with modern immunosuppressive treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PML cases associated with immunotherapies.
  • Analysis of risk factors and clinical presentations of PML.
  • Examination of current monitoring and management guidelines.

Main Results:

  • PML is an emerging concern with certain immunotherapies.
  • Risk stratification and early detection are crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Specific monitoring protocols can help identify at-risk patients.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PML risks with immunotherapies is essential for clinicians.
  • Proactive monitoring and risk mitigation strategies are key to managing PML.
  • Further research is needed to refine PML prevention and treatment in immunocompromised patients.