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Related Concept Videos

Noncompartmental Analysis: Mean Residence Time01:05

Noncompartmental Analysis: Mean Residence Time

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According to statistical moment theory, mean residence time (MRT) is an important measure in pharmacokinetics. MRT can be defined as the expected mean of a probability density function distribution. It provides valuable insights into drug disposition in the body.
After the administration of a drug through intravenous bolus injection, the drug molecules are distributed throughout the body and remain there for varying periods. The MRT represents the average time these drug molecules stay in the...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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How Much Are We Spending on Resident Selection?

Aimee K Gardner1, Douglas S Smink2, Bradford G Scott3

  • 1Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; SurgWise Consulting, Houston, Texas.

Journal of Surgical Education
|October 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical residency programs incur substantial costs for applicant selection, averaging over $100,000 per program. Understanding these expenses is crucial for optimizing recruitment and resource allocation in medical education.

Keywords:
Practice-Based Learning and ImprovementSystems-Based Practice

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Residency Training
  • Applicant Selection Processes

Background:

  • Effective selection is vital for identifying suitable candidates for surgical residency programs.
  • This study offers a national overview of current selection practices and their financial implications in these programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a national assessment of selection practices within surgical residency programs.
  • To quantify the financial costs associated with the resident selection process.

Main Methods:

  • A 17-item online survey was administered to General Surgery Program Directors (PDs).
  • The survey collected data on program characteristics, applicant pool size, and interview day components.
  • Costs were calculated based on direct expenses and estimations of faculty, resident, and staff time, translated into monetary values.

Main Results:

  • The average total cost per program for the interview process was $100,438 ± $87,919.
  • Direct hard costs averaged $8053 ± $6467, while personnel effort costs averaged $96,434 ± $78,318.
  • University-based programs reported significantly higher costs compared to other program types (p < 0.01).
  • The average cost per residency position filled was $18,648 ± $13,383, and per interviewee was $1221 ± $894.

Conclusions:

  • Residency programs invest significant resources in the resident selection process.
  • Program leaders should analyze these findings to evaluate current selection strategies and identify areas for increased efficiency.
  • Understanding these costs is essential for informed decision-making regarding resource allocation in medical education.