Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: effects on plasma eicosanoids and long chain fatty acids

In the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, immunodepression induced by stress or respiratory viral infection permits superinfection of the lungs with Pasteurella hemolytica, which results in exudative fibrinous pneumonia. Therefore, bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis was induced by sequential inoculations of calves with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1, 3 X 10(7) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50)/nostril), followed 3 days later by challenge with P. hemolytica (15 X 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu) intratracheally). To study the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease, we examined the alterations in plasma prostaglandins (PG), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), histamine, serotonin and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) during BHV-1 infection alone and after challenge exposure to P. hemolytica (i.e. during BHV-1-pneumonic pasteurellosis). BHV-1 infection alone markedly increased plasma PGE but modestly elevated PGF2 alpha, TxB2 and arachidonic, oleic and palmitic acids. After challenge with P. hemolytica, the levels of plasma arachidonic, oleic, and palmitic acids, together with PGE and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, were elevated markedly, in association with clinical signs of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. However, PGF2 alpha and stearic acid increased only transiently whereas TxB2 was unchanged from the control. On the other hand, plasma linoleic acid, histamine and serotonin remained unaltered. These results indicate enhanced eicosanoid biosynthesis and disproportionate rises in LCFA during BHV-1 pneumonic pasteurellosis. While LCFA are needed for energy metabolism, eicosanoids may mediate the immunologic, inflammatory and pulmonary vascular reactions leading to the clinico-pathologic features of BHV-1 pneumonic pasteurellosis.