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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

8.4K
In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

Review and Preview

11.3K
Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy
05:25

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

Published on: October 24, 2025

543

Transoral video assisted thyroidectomy: a systematic review.

F Tartaglia, A Maturo, F M Di Matteo

    Il Giornale Di Chirurgia
    |October 29, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) offers a new aesthetic option for thyroid surgery. While generally safe, potential complications include mental nerve injury, necessitating further research for broader validation.

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    Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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    Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

    Published on: October 24, 2025

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    Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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    Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrine Surgery
    • Minimally Invasive Procedures
    • Surgical Outcomes

    Background:

    • The transoral vestibular approach is an emerging technique for thyroid surgery.
    • Evaluating the flexibility and safety of this approach is crucial for patient care.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the English-language literature on transoral vestibular thyroid surgery.
    • To assess the flexibility and complication rates associated with this surgical method.

    Main Methods:

    • A systematic review of 17 studies was conducted.
    • Data analyzed included patient demographics, surgical approach, operative details, and complication rates.

    Main Results:

    • 736 procedures were reviewed, including total thyroidectomies and loboisthmectomies.
    • Complications included transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (34 cases) and transient hypoparathyroidism (62 cases).
    • Mental nerve injury occurred in 20 cases, highlighting a specific risk of this approach.

    Conclusions:

    • Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) primarily addresses patient aesthetic concerns.
    • Mental nerve injury is a notable complication requiring careful consideration.
    • Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of TOETVA.