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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Functions of Connective Tissues01:17

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Connective tissues perform a broad range of functions in the body. Their primary function is to connect and link different tissues in the body and act as packaging material between tissues. The areolar tissue, a connective tissue prototype, commonly cements various tissue types in diverse body organs. In contrast, adipose tissue cushions internal organs while insulating the body from heat loss.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

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Addressing the Language Binding Problem With Dynamic Functional Connectivity During Meaningful Spoken Language

Erin J White1,2, Candace Nayman1, Benjamin T Dunkley1,3,4

  • 1Neurosciences and Mental Health, Sick Kids Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The brain uses gamma oscillations for integrating speech information, while theta oscillations support general speech rhythm processing. This dynamic functional connectivity helps us understand spoken language.

Keywords:
PLI (phase lag index)dynamic functional connectivitygammaphase synchronyspeech comprehensiontheta

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The brain integrates information across different timescales and regions to understand speech, a challenge known as the language binding problem.
  • Dynamic functional connectivity, characterized by brief synchronization in EEG oscillations, may offer insights into this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time and frequency characteristics of oscillatory power and phase synchrony during speech comprehension.
  • To explore the role of dynamic functional connectivity in processing meaningful versus non-sensical speech.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from 20 adults.
  • Participants listened to meaningful English sentences and "Jabberwocky" sentences with pseudo-words.
  • Analyzed oscillatory power and phase synchrony (dynamic functional connectivity) in different frequency bands.

Main Results:

  • Higher gamma frequency (30-80 Hz) oscillatory power and global connectivity were observed for English sentences compared to Jabberwocky sentences.
  • Increased theta frequency (4-7 Hz) power and connectivity relative to baseline were similar for both sentence types.
  • Gamma oscillations showed greater strength and global connectivity for meaningful speech.

Conclusions:

  • High-frequency gamma oscillations may serve as a neural mechanism for transferring and integrating linguistic information during speech comprehension.
  • Slower theta oscillations might support domain-general processing of speech's rhythmic aspects.
  • Meaningful speech perception involves dynamic interactions within frequency-specific brain networks.