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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Virtual Work01:20

Virtual Work

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The principle of virtual work states that if a body is in static and dynamic equilibrium, then the sum of all the virtual work done by all external forces and couple moments for any given virtual displacement must be zero.
In static equilibrium, a body can experience an imaginary or virtual movement, such as displacement or rotation. The virtual work done by a force is equal to the dot product of force and virtual displacement in the direction of the force. When it comes to virtually rotating a...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Three-Dimensional Printed Model and Virtual Reconstruction: An Extra Tool for Pediatric Solid Tumors Surgery.

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  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing and virtual reconstruction aid in planning complex pediatric tumor surgeries. These advanced imaging techniques improve surgical strategy and patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Surgical Planning
  • Medical Imaging Technology

Background:

  • Complex pediatric tumor resections require precise surgical planning.
  • Advancements in 3D technology offer new tools for pre-surgical visualization.

Observation:

  • Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were used for 3D virtual reconstructions.
  • Real-scale 3D models of tumors, organs, and vasculature were printed for detailed analysis.

Findings:

  • 3D models facilitated nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor.
  • Reconstructions aided in locating pulmonary metastases and planning neuroblastoma resections.
  • 3D models improved understanding of tumor-organ relationships and guided intraoperative decisions.

Implications:

  • 3D reconstruction and printing enhance surgical planning for complex pediatric tumors.
  • These technologies improve understanding of anatomy, anticipate complications, and influence therapeutic decisions.
  • 3D models enhance doctor-patient communication and family understanding of treatment plans.