Development and application of a higher throughput RSV plaque assay by immunofluorescent imaging

Viral plaque assays are important tools in the development and evaluation of new antiviral drugs or vaccines in both preclinical and clinical research. While plaque assays are the standard tools to measure infectious virus, the methodology is time-consuming and requires experience in recognizing plaques. The assays are also prone to variation among analysts due to plaque recognition and manual counting errors. Here we describe the development of two simplified plaque assays for measuring RSV virus titers and anti-RSV antibody neutralization titers using 96 well plate formats. First, we evaluated multiple parameters to build up a quantitative plaque assay to measure infectious RSV. We then optimized the assay conditions to assess the fundamental changes from the traditional plaque assay, which were elimination of overnight pre-seeding host cells and addition of a centrifugation step after viral infection of the cells. We designed DoE to refine four key parameters within one experiment for host cell density, host cell volume, viral inoculum volume, host cell and viral mixture incubation time to make this assay more robust. We have also adapted these conditions into a second assay, which was an automated plaque reduction neutralization assay (PRNT) to determine neutralization titers of anti-RSV antibodies. Both assays utilize immune fluorescence staining to detect viral plaques. The images of the immuno-stained wells are captured by the PerkinElmer EnSight instrument and show clear visualization of plaques harvesting on day 3. Software algorithm was specifically designed for automatic counting of these fluorescent "objects". The quantitative plaque assay provided titers of RSV similar to those obtained from the traditional plaque assay. The method has been successfully utilized to screen multiple vaccine candidates in viral shedding efficacy studies. The automated PRNT assay provided antibody neutralizing titers that matched with published data. This automated 96 well plaque assay has made it possible to screen RSV samples in a higher throughput manner, and can be extended to other infectious organisms that form plaques for vaccine or drug evaluation.