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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...

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Monohybrid Crosses

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Dihybrid Crosses

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Test Cross

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Published on: March 20, 2014

C-I-Selective Cross-Coupling Enabled by a Cationic Palladium Trimer.

Claudia J Diehl¹, Thomas Scattolin¹, Ulli Englert¹

¹Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|November 2, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a stable palladium trimer catalyst. This novel catalyst selectively activates C-I bonds over C-Br bonds in carbon-carbon bond formations, outperforming traditional palladium catalysts.

Keywords:

C−C bond formation chemoselectivity cross-coupling density functional calculations palladium trimers

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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

Published on: June 25, 2018

Area of Science:

Organometallic Chemistry
Catalysis
Materials Science

Background:

Growing interest in synergistic effects of multiple metals in catalysis.
Limited knowledge beyond bimetallic systems in catalysis.
Need for catalysts with selective bond activation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a straightforward method for accessing an air-stable palladium trimer.
To investigate the catalytic reactivity of the palladium trimer, particularly its ability to differentiate C-I from C-Br bonds.
To provide experimental and computational evidence for the trimer's direct involvement in catalytic reactions.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of an air-stable palladium trimer.
Experimental studies on C-C bond formation reactions (arylation and alkylation) using polyhalogenated arenes.
Computational modeling to elucidate reaction mechanisms and transition states.
Characterization of catalytic performance compared to traditional palladium catalysts.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of a stable palladium trimer.
Demonstrated selective activation of C-I bonds over C-Br bonds in C-C coupling reactions.
Observed superior performance of the palladium trimer compared to typical Pd0 and PdI-PdI catalysts.
Identification of the first transition state for bond activation by a palladium trimer, supporting direct trimer reactivity.

Conclusions:

The palladium trimer offers a unique catalytic capability for selective C-I bond activation.
Direct trimer reactivity is feasible and advantageous in specific catalytic transformations.
This work expands the understanding of multinuclear metal catalysis beyond bimetallic systems.