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In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Using Adhesive Patterning to Construct 3D Paper Microfluidic Devices
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Using Adhesive Patterning to Construct 3D Paper Microfluidic Devices

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3D Multilayered paper- and thread/paper-based microfluidic devices for bioassays.

Natalia M Neris1, Ricardo D Guevara1, Ariana Gonzalez1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California, 90032-8202, USA.

Electrophoresis
|November 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (3D-μPADs) and 3D microfluidic thread/paper-based analytical devices (3D-μTPADs) were fabricated for colorimetric detection of glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA). These platforms demonstrate accurate quantification in artificial urine samples.

Keywords:
Microfluidic devicesMicrofluidic paper-based analytical deviceMicrofluidic thread/Paper-based analytical device

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) offer low-cost, portable platforms for diagnostics.
  • 3D fabrication techniques enhance μPAD functionality and sample handling.
  • Colorimetric assays provide visual and quantifiable detection methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize novel 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (3D-μPADs) and 3D microfluidic thread/paper-based analytical devices (3D-μTPADs).
  • To evaluate the performance of these devices for the colorimetric detection of glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • To assess the accuracy of the developed platforms using artificial urine samples.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D-μPADs (three layers) and 3D-μTPADs (four layers) using wax printing, heat pressing, and single-sided tape.
  • Colorimetric assays utilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) for glucose detection and tetrabromophenol blue for BSA detection.
  • Quantitative analysis of color intensity (yellow for glucose, cyan for BSA) via scanning and correlation with analyte concentration.

Main Results:

  • Saturation curves were generated for both glucose and BSA assays on all fabricated platforms.
  • The glucose assay showed a correlation between yellow color intensity and glucose concentration.
  • The BSA assay demonstrated a correlation between cyan color intensity and BSA concentration.
  • Glucose detection in artificial urine samples showed good correlation (percent differences <10%) with theoretical concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D-μPADs and 3D-μTPADs are effective platforms for sensitive and quantitative colorimetric bioassays.
  • These novel devices offer potential for simplified and accessible point-of-care diagnostics.
  • The 3D architecture enhances the utility of paper-based devices for complex bioanalysis.