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Related Concept Videos

Orthogonal Trajectories01:26

Orthogonal Trajectories

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Orthogonal trajectories describe the geometric relationship between two families of curves that intersect each other at right angles. One illustrative case involves a family of parabolas that open sideways along the x-axis. These curves share a common shape but differ by a scaling parameter, resulting in a set of curves that all pass through the origin and widen at different rates.Determining Orthogonal TrajectoriesTo identify the orthogonal trajectories for these parabolas, the first step...
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Standard Deviation01:10

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The most commonly used measure of variation is the standard deviation. It is a numerical value measuring how far data values are from their mean. The standard deviation value is small when the data are concentrated close to the mean, exhibiting slight variation or spread. The standard deviation value is never negative, it is either positive or zero. The standard deviation is larger when the data values are more spread out from the mean, which means the data values are exhibiting more variation.
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Mean Absolute Deviation01:13

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The mean absolute deviation is also a measure of the variability of data in a sample. It is the absolute value of the average difference between the data values and the mean.
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Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean value. Many large data sets follow a Gaussian distribution, also known as a normal distribution. This distribution is bell-shaped curved, with the most frequently observed value (mean or central value) in the middle. The farther away from the central value, the greater the deviation from the central value, and the lower the frequency.
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Calculating Standard Deviation01:08

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The standard deviation is the most common measure of variation. It is a value that tells us how far a data value is from the mean value in a dataset. Further, the standard deviation is always a positive value or zero.
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Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
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DNA molecules deviate from shortest trajectory when driven through hydrogel.

Juan Guan1, Kejia Chen2, Ah-Young Jee1

  • 1Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA molecules in electric fields move unexpectedly sideways through hydrogels. Higher electric fields increase this off-axis movement, revealing complex entanglement dynamics within the gel mesh.

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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding DNA behavior in complex media is crucial for gene delivery and DNA sequencing.
  • Agarose hydrogels present a challenging environment due to their mesh-like structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the motion of DNA molecules in agarose hydrogels under DC electric fields.
  • To quantify the off-axis diffusion and trajectory deviations of DNA driven through hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic fluorescence-based single-molecule imaging.
  • Applying DC electric fields (2-16 V/cm) to drive lambda-DNA (λ-DNA) through agarose hydrogels.
  • Analyzing off-axis displacement distributions and trajectory paths.

Main Results:

  • DNA molecules exhibit significant mobility orthogonal to the applied electric field.
  • Off-axis dispersion increases with higher electric field strength.
  • Time-normalized off-axis displacement follows a master curve, with time dependence varying with field strength (t^0.25 to t^0.6).
  • Deviations from the shortest path increase as electric field strength decreases.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogel entanglement significantly influences DNA trajectory, leading to orthogonal diffusion.
  • Electric field strength modulates DNA path tortuosity and off-axis dispersion.
  • These findings have implications for manipulating and separating large DNA molecules in microfluidic devices.