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Related Concept Videos

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

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Jieting Peng1, Xun Xiao1, Min Hu2

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The gut microbiome influences cardiovascular disease (CVD) beyond traditional risk factors. Metabolites like trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from gut bacteria are key in CVD development and offer potential therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cardiology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Traditional cardiovascular risk factors do not explain all cardiovascular disease (CVD) cases.
  • Emerging evidence implicates gut microbiota and its metabolites in CVD pathogenesis.
  • Gut bacteria produce metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of gut microbiota and metabolites in cardiovascular diseases.
  • To explore the mechanisms linking gut microbiota to atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.
  • To highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiome for CVD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease.
  • Analysis of the metabolic pathways involved in the gut-heart axis.
  • Synthesis of evidence on the impact of microbial metabolites on cardiovascular health.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbiota metabolites, particularly TMAO, are significantly associated with various cardiovascular conditions.
  • Microbial metabolites influence key pathways in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure.
  • Targeting gut microbiota and its metabolic products shows promise in preclinical and clinical studies.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular disease.
  • Metabolites like TMAO are important mediators in cardiovascular pathogenesis.
  • Modulating the gut microbiome represents a promising avenue for novel cardiovascular therapies.