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Open-Source Tools for Dense Facial Tissue Depth Mapping of Computed Tomography Models.

Terrie Simmons-Ehrhardt1, Catyana Falsetti2, Anthony B Falsetti3

  • 11 School of World Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

Human Biology
|November 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method for creating 3D facial tissue depth maps from CT scans. These maps aid forensic facial approximation by providing detailed craniofacial data.

Keywords:
computed tomography (ct)craniofacial identificationfacial approximationfacial tissue depth mapping (ftdm)forensic anthropologyforensic artforensic sciencemeshlab

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Forensic Science
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Computed tomography (CT) scans offer a valuable resource for generating 3D digital skeletal data.
  • Simultaneous visualization of bone and skin in 3D digital environments enhances facial approximation techniques.
  • Quantifying craniofacial relationships can be achieved through landmarks or surface-processing software.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe tools for generating dense facial tissue depth maps (FTDMs) from deidentified head CT scans.
  • To utilize open-source software for processing and analyzing 3D facial data.
  • To create standardized reference collections for anthropological and forensic studies.

Main Methods:

  • Deidentified head CT scans were segmented to create 3D skull and face models.
  • Models were processed in Meshlab, transformed to a common orientation, and cropped.
  • Dense FTDMs were generated using the Hausdorff sampling filter and colorized based on depth values.

Main Results:

  • 112 FTDMs were generated for 106 individuals, with minimum depths ranging from 1.2 mm to 3.4 mm.
  • Common minimum depths were observed over nasal bones, lateral orbital margins, and forehead.
  • Maximum depths were found in the buccal region and neck; weight variations impacted these areas more than thin areas.

Conclusions:

  • The study produced visual, quantitative 3D facial and skull representations for forensic facial approximation.
  • The developed tools are applicable to various CT scan types and individuals, regardless of orientation.
  • This method provides replicable data outputs readable with openly accessible software for facial variation and growth studies.