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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

11.6K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Lattice Instability during Solid-Solid Structural Transformations under a General Applied Stress Tensor: Example of

Nikolai A Zarkevich1, Hao Chen2, Valery I Levitas1,2,3,4

  • 1Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA.

Physical Review Letters
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Density functional theory reveals that nonhydrostatic stress significantly lowers the pressure required for silicon

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-solid phase transformations (PT) are crucial in materials science.
  • Understanding phase transitions under stress is key for material synthesis.
  • Silicon (Si) exhibits diverse phases under pressure, including semiconducting Si I and metallic Si II.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stress-strain behavior and elastic instabilities during solid-solid phase transformations in silicon under a general stress tensor.
  • To determine the influence of nonhydrostatic loading on the phase transformation pressure.
  • To establish a criterion for phase transformation based on critical transformation work.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Analysis of stress-strain behavior and elastic instabilities.
  • Study of phase transformation under hydrostatic and uniaxial stress conditions.
  • Development of a phase transformation criterion based on modified transformation work.

Main Results:

  • The hydrostatic phase transformation (PT) from Si I to Si II occurs at 76 GPa.
  • Under uniaxial loading, the PT pressure is significantly reduced to 11 GPa (mean pressure 3.7 GPa), a 21-fold decrease.
  • Metallization precedes the PT in stressed Si I, enabling it to behave as a metal.
  • The Si I → Si II PT is governed by a critical value of modified transformation work, dependent on only two parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Nonhydrostatic stress offers novel and practical synthesis routes for high-pressure phases.
  • Predictable nonhydrostatic loading conditions can be utilized for phase selection.
  • Competition between instabilities can be leveraged for phase selection, offering an alternative to equilibrium processing based on free energy minima.