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Bilingualism and working memory performance: Evidence from a large-scale online study.

Karolina M Lukasik1, Minna Lehtonen1,2,3, Anna Soveri4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.

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The bilingual executive advantage (BEA) hypothesis was not supported for most working memory (WM) tasks. Late bilinguals showed a slight advantage on n-back tasks, but bilingual experience did not predict this performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • The bilingual executive advantage (BEA) hypothesis suggests bilingualism enhances executive functions.
  • Previous research on BEA and working memory (WM) has yielded inconclusive findings.
  • Complex WM tasks have been underrepresented in prior studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the BEA hypothesis in the domain of working memory.
  • To compare working memory performance in early bilinguals, late bilinguals, and monolinguals.
  • To examine the relationship between specific bilingual experiences and WM performance.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 485 participants for an online study.
  • Administered questionnaires on bilingualism and second language (L2) use.
  • Assessed working memory using 10 isomorphic verbal and visuospatial tasks, including n-back.

Main Results:

  • Group comparisons did not support the BEA hypothesis for verbal and visuospatial WM composites.
  • Late bilinguals demonstrated an advantage over monolinguals and early bilinguals on the n-back task.
  • Regression analyses showed no significant relationship between bilingual experience features and n-back performance.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence for the BEA hypothesis was limited to the n-back task and not explained by bilingualism features.
  • Bayesian analyses provided inconsistent support for the BEA hypothesis.
  • Further research is needed to understand the complex relationship between bilingualism and cognitive advantages.