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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
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The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Platelet activity and hypercoagulation in type 2 diabetes.

Lesha Pretorius1, Greig J A Thomson1, Rozanne C M Adams1,2

  • 1Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.

Cardiovascular Diabetology
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to hypercoagulation and platelet activation. These changes, including increased receptor expression and shedding onto microparticles, contribute to heightened CVD risk in diabetic patients.

Keywords:
GPIIb/IIIa receptorMicroparticlesPlateletsType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Hematology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with atherosclerosis being a primary cause of mortality.
  • Diabetic populations exhibit coagulopathies, dysregulated inflammatory molecules, and platelet vulnerability to cytokines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whole blood hypercoagulability in T2DM.
  • To analyze platelet ultrastructure, receptor expression (GPIIb/IIIa), and inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, sP-selectin) in diabetic individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for platelet morphology.
  • Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (FITC-PAC-1, CD41-PE) for GPIIb/IIIa receptor expression.
  • Multiplex assay for inflammatory marker quantification.

Main Results:

  • T2DM patients show upregulated inflammatory markers, hypercoagulation, and platelet activation.
  • Increased GPIIb/IIIa receptor expression was observed, with receptors shed onto microparticles.

Conclusions:

  • Pathological platelet states and amyloid fibrin(ogen) in T2DM contribute to increased cardiovascular event risk.
  • Mechanistic evidence links platelet dysfunction and coagulation abnormalities to CVD in diabetes.