Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Relationship Formation02:12

Relationship Formation

46.2K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
46.2K
Ending Relationships01:28

Ending Relationships

189
The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
189
Relationship Growth01:27

Relationship Growth

220
Interpersonal relationships progress through stages, beginning with awareness and moving toward mutuality, where emotional connections deepen. While many relationships remain at moderate levels of mutuality, deeper connections form through self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence.Self-DisclosureSelf-disclosure involves revealing personal information, starting with surface-level details and gradually progressing to more intimate content. As trust grows, individuals feel more comfortable...
220
Social Relationships and Well-Being01:30

Social Relationships and Well-Being

311
The significance of social relationships in psychological well-being is a well-established area of inquiry within social psychology. Research consistently demonstrates that the presence of meaningful, supportive relationships enhances emotional health, while the absence or deterioration of such connections can contribute to psychological distress. Relationships serve as a foundation for emotional support, identity, and social belonging, all of which are critical to an individual’s overall...
311
Close Relationships and Culture01:29

Close Relationships and Culture

239
Culture shapes how people approach attraction, choose partners, and build long-term relationships. While some preferences in mate selection appear consistent across cultures, such as men valuing physical attractiveness and women emphasizing financial resources, cultural contexts influence how these preferences are expressed and prioritized. Marriage extends beyond romantic ideals in many societies and is deeply embedded in social, economic, and religious frameworks.The Role of Culture in Mate...
239
Jealousy in Romantic Relationships01:23

Jealousy in Romantic Relationships

199
Jealousy is an instinctive yet socially complex emotion that arises when a close relationship is threatened. Its origins lie in both biological imperatives and sociocultural conditioning, making it a multifaceted psychological construct. Although universally experienced, the triggers and expressions of jealousy vary notably between individuals, especially across genders, due to evolutionary pressures and cultural influences.Gender Differences and Evolutionary TheoryEvolutionary theory explains...
199

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reference-point dependent reinforcement learning in humans and rats.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Gradually, then suddenly: the precarious position of UK preclinical neuroscience.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Do goldfish like to be informed?

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2025
Same author

Under pressure: UK preclinical neuroscience at a crossroads.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2025
Same author

Multi-level encoding of reward, effort, and choice across the frontal cortex and basal ganglia during cost-benefit decision-making.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

Reward Bases: A simple mechanism for adaptive acquisition of multiple reward types.

PLoS computational biology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System
06:08

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System

Published on: April 4, 2022

3.7K

What Is the Relationship between Dopamine and Effort?

Mark E Walton1, Sebastien Bouret2

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK.

Trends in Neurosciences
|November 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Dopamine plays a key role in motivating actions toward rewards. Research shows dopamine levels are more sensitive to potential rewards than the effort required to obtain them.

Keywords:
cost–benefit decision makingelectrophysiologymidbrainmotivationstriatumvoltammetry

More Related Videos

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
14:21

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Published on: August 6, 2013

18.8K
Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice
09:37

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Published on: August 13, 2020

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System
06:08

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System

Published on: April 4, 2022

3.7K
Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
14:21

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Published on: August 6, 2013

18.8K
Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice
09:37

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Published on: August 13, 2020

12.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The reward-effort trade-off is fundamental to behavioral theories.
  • Effort is less understood than reward at behavioral and neurophysiological levels.
  • Understanding effort is crucial for neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile conflicting findings on dopamine's role in effort-based decision-making.
  • To clarify dopamine's sensitivity to reward versus effort costs.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing neurobiological studies on dopamine and effort.
  • Analysis of behavioral and neurophysiological data concerning reward anticipation and effort costs.

Main Results:

  • Dopamine primarily encodes the value of future rewards.
  • Dopamine shows less sensitivity to the anticipated cost of effort.
  • A consensus exists: dopamine is strongly linked to reward incentive value.

Conclusions:

  • Dopamine's primary role is in signaling reward value, not effort cost.
  • This function positions dopamine centrally in promoting reward-directed behaviors.
  • Clarifying dopamine's role offers insights into disorders marked by altered motivation.