Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...

Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation

Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation

Robinson annulation is a base-catalyzed reaction for the synthesis of 2-cyclohexenone derivatives from 1,3-dicarbonyl donors (such as cyclic diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-diketones) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl acceptors. Named after Sir Robert Robinson, who discovered it, this reaction yields a six-membered ring with three new C–C bonds (two σ bonds and one π bond).

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

Allyl radicals are three-carbon conjugated systems. They are readily formed as intermediates in halogenation reactions of alkenes involving the addition of halogen to the allylic carbon instead of the double bond. As seen in allyl cations and anions, each of the three sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in allyl radicals has an unhybridized p orbital. These orbitals combine to give three π molecular orbitals.
The allyl systems have identical molecular orbitals but differ in the number of π electrons....

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Crystalline 3D covalent organic frameworks with nbo topology.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Potent and Receptor-Selective Germination Inhibitor for <i>Striga hermonthica</i>.

Precision chemistry·2026

Same author

Construction of Shape-Persistent All-sp<sup>2</sup> Square Macrocycles via the Formation of Multiple Imine Bonds.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

The Synthesis of Tertiary Alkylamines from Alkyl-Substituted Alkenes Using Amine Umpolung Strategy.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Rapid Construction of Tricyclic Carbon Framework for Convergent Synthesis of Manginoid Meroterpenoids.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026

Same author

<i>L</i>-region-selective annulative π-extension through dearomative activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Chemical science·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: June 13, 2025

Polycyclic Arene Synthesis by Annulative π-Extension.

Hideto Ito^1,2, Yasutomo Segawa^1,2, Kei Murakami^1,3

¹Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|November 6, 2018

Summary

Annulative π-extension (APEX) offers an efficient route to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related materials. This method streamlines synthesis by directly activating C-H bonds, reducing the need for prefunctionalization steps.

More Related Videos

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

Published on: April 29, 2007

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: June 13, 2025

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

Published on: April 29, 2007

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Materials Science
Synthetic Methodology

Background:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nanographenes are crucial in materials science.
Traditional synthesis of these molecules is often lengthy and requires prefunctionalization.
Annulative π-extension (APEX) presents a novel synthetic strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in APEX reactions.
To highlight the utility and scope of APEX for synthesizing PAHs and heteroarenes.
To showcase APEX as a promising method for future syntheses.

Main Methods:

Direct C-H activation of small aromatic templates.
Minimizing preparative steps compared to classical methods.
Review of recently reported APEX reactions.

Main Results:

APEX reactions enable efficient construction of complex polycyclic systems.
The method bypasses the need for substrate prefunctionalization.
Demonstrated utility in synthesizing PAHs, nanographenes, and fused heteroarenes.

Conclusions:

APEX is a powerful and efficient synthetic tool.
It offers a streamlined approach to complex aromatic and heteroaromatic structures.
APEX holds significant promise for next-generation molecular synthesis.