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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

4.0K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
4.0K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

4.5K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
4.5K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

3.5K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
3.5K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.3K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.3K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

6.3K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
6.3K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

3.0K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
3.0K

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Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh
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Poly(amide-imide) materials for transparent and flexible displays.

Sun Dal Kim1, Byungyong Lee1, Taejoon Byun1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

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A new flexible poly(amide-imide) polymer offers glass-like thermal expansion and transparency for advanced displays. This material overcomes challenges in creating high-performance, flexible substrates for next-generation electronic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Display Technology

Background:

  • Next-generation transparent and flexible displays require high-performance polymer substrates.
  • Existing materials like aromatic polyimides face challenges in balancing low thermal expansion and transparency, often leading to coloration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel polymer material with glass-like optical and thermal properties for flexible display applications.
  • To address the limitations of current polymers in achieving both low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and high transparency.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a new poly(amide-imide) material.
  • Characterization of the polymer's flexibility, transparency, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
  • Fabrication of indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin-film transistors on the novel polymer substrate.

Main Results:

  • The developed poly(amide-imide) exhibits flexibility and glass-like thermal properties.
  • Achieved a low CTE value of 4 parts per million/°C.
  • Successfully utilized the polymer as a substrate for transparent and flexible indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin-film transistors.

Conclusions:

  • The novel poly(amide-imide) material meets the critical requirements for flexible display substrates.
  • This breakthrough enables the fabrication of advanced transparent and flexible electronic devices.
  • The material overcomes previous trade-offs between CTE reduction and optical transparency.