Non-inductive vertical position measurements by Faraday-effect polarimetry on EAST tokamak

Faraday's law state that the induced emf is the negative change in the magnetic flux per unit of time. Any change in the magnetic field or change in the orientation of the area of the coil with respect to the magnetic field induces a voltage (emf). The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines through a given surface area. Magnetic flux is estimated from the integral of the dot product of the magnetic field vector and the area vector. The negative sign describes the...

A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator, producing an emf that is constant in time. It consists of a conducting disk that rotates with a constant angular velocity in the magnetic field, perpendicular to the disk's plane. The rotation of the disk causes a change in magnetic flux, which induces an emf, causing opposite charges to develop on the rim and in the center of the disk. The polarity of the induced emf can be determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the...

Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...

Vertical curves are parabolic transitions that connect different grades on highways and railroads, ensuring a smooth alignment between back and forward tangents. The back tangent represents the initial grade, while the forward tangent defines the subsequent grade. These curves can be symmetrical, with equal tangent lengths, or nonsymmetrical, with varying lengths. The key points defining a vertical curve include the Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.), where the tangents meet; the Point of...