Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

90.6K
Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...
90.6K
What are Carbohydrates?01:44

What are Carbohydrates?

198.7K
Overview
198.7K
Carbohydrate Digestion00:57

Carbohydrate Digestion

122.5K
Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth during mastication, or chewing. The masticated carbohydrates remain intact in the stomach. Digestion resumes in the duodenum of the small intestine, where pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes of the microvilli convert complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides. Finally, the monosaccharides...
122.5K
Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

290
A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
290
Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

22.4K
Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
22.4K
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

1.1K
A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of exercise interventions on core health outcomes in patients with SLE: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lupus science & medicine·2026
Same author

Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights (2nd Edition).

Nutrients·2026
Same author

Vitamin D supplementation and musculoskeletal injury risk in young men undergoing arduous training: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

The British journal of nutrition·2026
Same author

Editorial: Advancements in dietary supplements: enhancing sport performance and recovery.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2025
Same author

Betaine Supplementation Improves 60 km Cycling Time Trial Performance and One-Carbon Metabolism in Cyclists During Recovery.

Nutrients·2025
Same author

Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights.

Nutrients·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays
12:07

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Published on: March 14, 2011

26.5K

Carbohydrate Intake Does Not Counter the Post-Exercise Decrease in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity.

Laurel M Wentz1, David C Nieman2, Jennifer E McBride3

  • 1Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA. wentzlm@appstate.edu.

Nutrients
|November 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbohydrate ingestion from bananas or a sugar beverage attenuated immediate post-exercise increases in immune cells for cyclists. However, it did not affect the subsequent decrease in natural killer cell counts and activity.

Keywords:
Immunityexerciseflow cytometryglucoseleukocytelymphocyte

More Related Videos

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood
08:14

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

Published on: March 17, 2017

12.8K
A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro
10:36

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Published on: January 9, 2018

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays
12:07

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Published on: March 14, 2011

26.5K
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood
08:14

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

Published on: March 17, 2017

12.8K
A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro
10:36

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Published on: January 9, 2018

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Immunology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Endurance exercise can impact immune cell function and counts.
  • Nutrient intake, particularly carbohydrates, may modulate exercise-induced immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of carbohydrate ingestion from bananas or a sugar beverage on immune cell responses post-exercise in cyclists.
  • To compare these effects against water ingestion.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized crossover study involving 20 overnight-fasted cyclists.
  • Three 75 km time trials: water (WAT), banana (BAN), or 6% sugar beverage (SUG).
  • Blood samples analyzed for natural killer cell cytotoxicity activity (NKCA) and cell counts at various time points.

Main Results:

  • Carbohydrate trials (BAN, SUG) showed higher post-exercise glucose and lower cortisol, leukocyte, neutrophil, and NK cell counts compared to WAT.
  • Immediate post-exercise NK cell count increase was blunted with BAN (32%) and SUG (15%) versus WAT (78%).
  • NK cell counts and NKCA at 1.5 hours post-exercise showed similar decreases across all trials.

Conclusions:

  • Carbohydrate ingestion from bananas or a sugar beverage attenuates immediate post-exercise increases in leukocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells.
  • Carbohydrate intake does not prevent the subsequent decrease in NK cell counts or NKCA 1.5 hours post-exercise.
  • These findings highlight the complex interplay between carbohydrate availability and immune modulation during prolonged exercise.