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Related Concept Videos

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Behavior of Concrete Under Compressive Load01:23

Behavior of Concrete Under Compressive Load

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Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
As the concrete specimen fractures under...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
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A Flexible 12-Lead/Holter Device with Compression Capabilities for Low-Bandwidth Mobile-ECG Telemedicine

Flavio Pineda-López1,2, Andrés Martínez-Fernández3, José Luis Rojo-Álvarez4,5

  • 1Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Telematics and Computing Systems, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain. fmpineda@espe.edu.ec.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This mobile electrocardiogram (ECG) system offers long-term Holter monitoring and 12-lead ECG recording. It provides efficient signal compression for telecardiology, especially in rural areas with limited connectivity.

Keywords:
Android™ECGHolterSTM32F microcontrollerrural areassignal compression low-bandwidthtelemedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Mobile electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems are increasingly proposed.
  • Developing countries often lack specialized medical personnel and have limited network coverage, necessitating efficient telecardiology solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a portable, microcontroller-based ECG mobile system for both long-term Holter monitoring and standard 12-lead ECG recording.
  • To enable efficient digital signal compression at the acquisition stage for improved data transmission.

Main Methods:

  • A system prototype was developed using an STM32F microcontroller with a 16-bit resolution.
  • A low-noise instrumentation amplifier (TI ADS1198) with a multiplexer and 16-bit analog-to-digital converter was integrated.
  • The system features a smartphone app for user interface and a web application for electronic health recording and remote analysis.

Main Results:

  • The prototype supports long-term (weeks) Holter monitoring and 12-lead ECG recording.
  • System testing in various scenarios (storage, cellphone transfer, web transfer) confirmed signal quality.
  • Benchmarking with clinicians validated the system's clinical quality.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed ECG system is a pioneering step towards mobile cardiac monitoring, compatible with clinical practice.
  • It facilitates long-term monitoring and 12-lead usability with integrated signal compression.
  • The system is particularly beneficial for telecardiology in underserved rural areas.