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Related Concept Videos

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Power Generation by Reverse Electrodialysis in a Microfluidic Device with a Nafion Ion-Selective Membrane.

Tsung-Chen Tsai1, Chia-Wei Liu2, Ruey-Jen Yang3

  • 1Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. tsungchen0329@gmail.com.

Micromachines
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a microchip for energy conversion using reverse electrodialysis (RED). Shorter microchannels and specific salt concentrations maximize electrical power generation from ion gradients.

Keywords:
Gibbs free energyNafion membraneenergy conversionreverse electrodialysissalinity gradient power

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Conversion
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Reverse electrodialysis (RED) offers a promising route for sustainable energy generation.
  • Microfluidic devices enable precise control over ion transport phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize a microchip for energy conversion via RED.
  • To investigate the impact of microchannel dimensions and electrolyte concentrations on device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a microchip with Nafion-filled microchannels using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) techniques.
  • Electrochemical measurements of current-potential characteristics under varying KCl concentrations and channel lengths.

Main Results:

  • Electrical power generation achieved through cation-selective membrane behavior of Nafion.
  • Increased current and power with reduced channel length due to lower resistance.
  • Maximum power density of 755 mW/m² at a 2000:1 electrolyte concentration ratio.
  • Optimal device efficiency of 36% at 1 mm channel length and 1000:1 concentration ratio.

Conclusions:

  • Microchannel length and electrolyte concentration are critical parameters for optimizing RED device performance.
  • The developed MEMS-based microchip shows potential for efficient energy conversion from salinity gradients.