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Antidotes for aluminum phosphide poisoning - An update
Asieh Karimani1, Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour2,3, Mohammad Reza Zirak1
1Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Toxicology Reports
|November 9, 2018
Summary
Aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning is a significant global health issue with high mortality. This review explores potential antidotes, including magnesium sulfate and N-acetylcysteine, that may counteract AlP
Area of Science:
- Toxicology
- Pharmacology
- Environmental Health
Background:
- Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a widely used fumigant for grain preservation.
- Increased AlP use has led to a rise in poisoning cases, often intentional due to accessibility.
- AlP poisoning is highly lethal (>50%) with no established antidote, as phosphine gas inhibits cellular respiration.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review potential antidotes for aluminum phosphide poisoning.
- To discuss the protective mechanisms and outcomes of suggested therapeutic agents.
- To consolidate current knowledge on treating AlP toxicity.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of experimental and clinical studies.
- Identification of substances investigated as potential AlP antidotes.
- Analysis of proposed mechanisms of action and reported efficacy.
Main Results:
- Numerous agents, including magnesium sulfate, melatonin, N-acetylcysteine, vitamins C and E, and others, have been suggested as potential antidotes.
- These agents are proposed to work by mitigating the oxidative stress induced by AlP.
- Evidence for efficacy varies, with many studies being experimental.
Conclusions:
- Several compounds show promise in treating aluminum phosphide poisoning by targeting its toxic effects.
- Further clinical research is needed to validate the effectiveness of these potential antidotes.
- Developing an effective antidote for AlP poisoning remains a critical medical challenge.
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