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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Fission02:50

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Measuring Exercise Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Rotating Exercise Quantification System REQS
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Mito-nuclear interactions modify Drosophila exercise performance.

Alyson Sujkowski1, Adam N Spierer2, Thiviya Rajagopalan1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.

Mitochondrion
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria play a key role in exercise capacity. Swapping mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) between fly strains impacts exercise performance, suggesting both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are crucial for fitness.

Keywords:
DrosophilaExerciseInteractionMitochondrialNuclear

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Endurance exercise offers broad protection against age-related diseases.
  • Mitochondrial quality, improved by turnover, is a key mechanism for exercise benefits.
  • Interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes influence longevity, fitness, and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) replacement on exercise performance in Drosophila.
  • To explore how mtDNA from different strains or species affects exercise capacity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism.
  • Performed genetic crosses to replace the native mtDNA of several fly strains with mtDNA from other strains or species.
  • Assessed and compared exercise performance across different mitochondrial-nuclear genetic combinations.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria from flies selected for longevity enhanced the exercise performance of recipient flies.
  • Transferring mtDNA from different strains or species resulted in varied effects on exercise performance, including both improvements and detriments.
  • Demonstrated significant influence of mitochondrial origin on overall exercise capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are significant contributors to exercise capacity.
  • Interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes play a critical role in determining an organism's response to exercise.
  • mtDNA variation is a key factor in modulating exercise performance and potentially longevity.