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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles
Published on: December 27, 2010
Immunofluorescent Visualization of BMP Signaling Activation on Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections
Maaike Alkema1, Marie-José Goumans1, Boudewijn P T Kruithof2,3,4
1Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
Immunohistochemistry allows the detection of the presence, localization, and activation of proteins in biological tissues by using the ability of antibodies to bind to specific antigens. Cellular signaling can be visualized using antibodies raised against phosphorylated proteins. Phosphorylated Smad1, Smad5, and Smad9 are the activated signaling molecules of the BMP pathway that transfer BMP signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. Here we describe the detection of phospho-Smad1/5/9 on paraformaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections by immunofluorescence.
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