MIonSite: Ligand-specific prediction of metal ion-binding sites via enhanced AdaBoost algorithm with protein sequence...

Accurately targeting metal ion-binding sites solely from protein sequences is valuable for both basic experimental biology and drug discovery studies. Although considerable progress has been made, metal ion-binding site prediction is still a challenging problem due to the small size and high versatility of the metal ions. In this paper, we develop a ligand-specific predictor called MIonSite for predicting metal ion-binding sites from protein sequences. MIonSite first employs protein evolutionary information, predicted secondary structure, predicted solvent accessibility, and conservation information calculated by Jensen-Shannon Divergence score to extract the discriminative feature of each residue. An enhanced AdaBoost algorithm is then designed to cope with the serious imbalance problem buried in the metal ion-binding site prediction, where the number of non-binding sites is far more than that of metal ion-binding sites. A new gold-standard benchmark dataset, consisting of training and independent validation subsets of Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, is constructed to evaluate the proposed MIonSite with other existing predictors. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MIonSite achieves high prediction performance and outperforms other state-of-the-art sequence-based predictors. The standalone program of MIonSite and corresponding datasets can be freely downloaded at https://github.com/LiangQiaoGu/MIonSite.git for academic use.