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Weak Base Solutions

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...

The Retinoblastoma Gene

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...

Weak Acid Solutions

Weak Acid Solutions

Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

This lesson deals with the crossed aldol reaction using weak bases. The self-condensation of an aldehyde having α hydrogen is prevented by adding it slowly to a mixture of formaldehyde and weak bases like hydroxide and alkoxide. Upon slow addition of the aldehyde, the base deprotonates the α carbon of the aldehyde to form the corresponding enolate. The enolate subsequently attacks the formaldehyde to form a single crossed product. Figure 1 depicts the aforementioned reaction.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

Published on: May 16, 2014

Metabolite systems profiling identifies exploitable weaknesses in retinoblastoma.

Swagatika Sahoo^1,2, Ranjith Kumar Ravi Kumar³, Brandon Nicolay^4,5

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.

|November 13, 2018

Summary

This study reveals unique survival strategies in retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood eye cancer. It identifies potential new drug targets in lipid and nucleoside transport for future cancer therapies.

Keywords:

cancer metabolism constraint-based reconstruction and modeling retinoblastoma synthetic lethal systems biology

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Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

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Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

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$Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems$

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Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

Area of Science:

Oncology
Systems Biology
Metabolic Engineering

Background:

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a significant childhood eye cancer.
Current management includes chemotherapy, local therapy, and enucleation.
RB tumor-specific survival mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and elucidate RB-specific tumor survival strategies using computational modeling.
To discover novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma.

Main Methods:

Application of constraint-based reconstruction and analysis (COBRA) approaches.
Development of a computational model for RB tumor metabolism.
In vitro validation using RB1-depleted human retinal cells.

Main Results:

Identification of RB-specific metabolic survival strategies.
Characterization of a unique secretion profile in RB, also observed in RB1-depleted cells.
Prediction of novel biomarkers in lipid metabolism.

Conclusions:

RB exhibits distinct metabolic survival mechanisms.
Lipid metabolism and transport proteins are potential therapeutic targets.
Predicted synthetic lethals offer avenues for novel drug development in retinoblastoma treatment.