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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
Importance of organoids for personalized medicine
Lukas Perkhofer1, Pierre-Olivier Frappart1, Martin Müller1
1Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
Abstract:
The establishment of organoid culture systems represents a milestone on the route toward successful personalized medicine. This mini review provides an update on the current status of organoid technology and summarizes their applications in personalized medicine. Organoids can be defined as 3D structures derived either from pluripotent or organ restricted stem cells harboring the ability to mimic in vivo architecture and multi lineage differentiation of terminally differentiated tissues. Due to their unique ability of virtually unlimited self-renewal, organoid cultures should be distinguished from previous 'sphere'-culture assays, for example, 'tumor spheres' that have already been described and applied over the last decades.
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