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Related Concept Videos

Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Quantitative analysis is a technique for measuring the amount of specific constituents in a sample. When the sample's composition is unknown, qualitative analysis is performed first to identify its components, which ensures that the correct substances are measured during the quantitative phase.
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantitative Analysis and Band Gap Determination for CIGS Absorber Layers Using Surface Techniques.

Yun Jung Jang1,2, Jihye Lee1, Kang-Bong Lee3

  • 1Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies the composition of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) thin films using various analytical techniques. Femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (fs-LA-ICP-MS) shows potential for rapid and accurate CIGS analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) is a promising material for thin-film solar cells due to its high absorption coefficient and tunable band gap.
  • Understanding CIGS structure and composition is crucial for enhancing solar cell efficiency.
  • Quantitative analysis of CIGS bulk and depth profiles is essential for material optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively determine the bulk composition of major elements (Cu, In, Ga, Se) in CIGS photovoltaic cells.
  • To investigate the potential of femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (fs-LA-ICP-MS) for rapid and accurate CIGS analysis.
  • To correlate elemental distribution and band gap energy with CIGS solar cell efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Bulk composition analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and fs-LA-ICP-MS.
  • Depth profiling analysis using magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).
  • Determination of optical band gap energy using the Ga/(In + Ga) ratio.

Main Results:

  • Elemental depth distributions obtained by SIMS and AES showed good agreement.
  • fs-LA-ICP-MS demonstrated potential for accurate and rapid compositional analysis compared to XRF.
  • The Ga/(In + Ga) ratio effectively monitored the optical band gap across the CIGS layer.
  • Elemental distribution and band gap were correlated with CIGS cell efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative analysis using SIMS, AES, and fs-LA-ICP-MS provides appropriate techniques for rapid and accurate CIGS composition determination.
  • The study successfully elucidated the relationship between elemental distribution, band gap, and CIGS solar cell efficiency.
  • Accurate compositional analysis is key to optimizing CIGS thin-film solar cell performance.