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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish
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Mexican rheumatology: where do we stand?

Carlos Pineda1, Hugo Sandoval2, Antonio Fraga-Mouret3

  • 1Division of Musculoskeletal and Rheumatic Disorders, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Tlalpan, Ciudad De México, México. carpineda@yahoo.com.

Rheumatology International
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Mexican Rheumatology faces workforce challenges, with shortages in the south and surpluses in cities. This review examines the prevalence of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) and the specialty's future outlook.

Keywords:
Health servicesMedical staffMexicoMusculoskeletal diseasesRheumatology

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Public Health
  • Healthcare Workforce Analysis

Background:

  • Mexican Rheumatology operates within a national healthcare system facing significant workforce distribution issues.
  • A notable disparity exists between specialist availability in less-developed southern states and urban centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current state, historical context, and future challenges in Mexican Rheumatology.
  • To analyze the prevalence and burden of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) in Mexico.
  • To examine the structural composition, distribution, and clinical profile of rheumatologists in Mexico.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing data on Mexican Rheumatology.
  • Examination of workforce distribution patterns and specialist availability.
  • Assessment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) prevalence and impact.

Main Results:

  • Significant workforce maldistribution in Mexican Rheumatology, with shortages in southern regions and surpluses in metropolitan areas.
  • Analysis of the prevalence and burden of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) within the Mexican population.
  • Identification of key comorbidities, educational program structures, and the clinical profile of Mexican rheumatologists.

Conclusions:

  • Mexican Rheumatology faces critical challenges in workforce distribution and specialist access, particularly in underserved regions.
  • Addressing these disparities is crucial for effectively managing the burden of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) nationwide.
  • Strategic planning is needed to optimize training programs and ensure equitable healthcare delivery for rheumatological conditions in Mexico.