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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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The receptor occupancy theory connects a drug's response to the number of occupied receptors. With higher drug concentrations, more receptors are occupied, leading to increased responses. The formation of drug-receptor complexes involves association and dissociation rates, which reach equilibrium when the forward and backward reactions are equal. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) and its inverse, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), indicate drug affinity. Higher Ka and lower...
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Gene Therapy00:59

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Group Therapy01:26

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery
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[Pain Therapy Aspects in Tumour Surgery].

Stefan Wirz, Michael Schenk, Kristin Kieselbach

    Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
    |November 14, 2018
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    Summary

    Postoperative pain in cancer surgery patients requires tailored therapy based on pain mechanisms. A graded approach using WHO guidelines, opioids, regional analgesia, and anti-hypersensitizing agents is recommended for effective acute pain management.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Pain Management
    • Anesthesiology

    Background:

    • Patients undergoing oncological surgery are at high risk for severe postoperative pain and persistent pain due to pre-existing pain or surgical sensitization.
    • Effective pain management in cancer surgery necessitates tailoring treatments to specific underlying pain mechanisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline a graded concept for acute pain therapy in oncological surgery.
    • To discuss the application of various analgesic modalities based on pain mechanisms.

    Main Methods:

    • The study reviews established pain management principles, including the World Health Organization (WHO) step scheme.
    • It highlights the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with opioids, regional analgesia, and agents with anti-hypersensitizing properties.
    • Emphasis is placed on the importance of pain diagnostics to verify mechanisms before initiating specific treatments like antidepressants, anticonvulsants, intravenous lidocaine, and s-ketamine.

    Main Results:

    • A graded approach integrating WHO guidelines, opioids (PCA), regional analgesia, and anti-hypersensitizing agents is proposed.
    • Specific anti-hypersensitizing and anti-neuropathic agents include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, intravenous lidocaine, and s-ketamine.
    • The impact of regional analgesia on oncological outcomes remains controversial, and opioids exhibit dual effects on tumor growth.

    Conclusions:

    • Pain management in oncological surgery should be mechanism-based and employ a graded therapeutic strategy.
    • Accurate pain diagnostics are crucial for selecting appropriate anti-hypersensitizing and anti-neuropathic treatments.
    • Further research is needed to clarify the influence of perioperative regional analgesia and opioid properties on oncological outcomes.