Liquid Cladding Mediated Optical Fiber Sensors for Copper Ion Detection

We present a label-free optical fiber based sensor device to detect copper ions (Cu²⁺) in water. A multimode optical fiber, with its polymer cladding removed along a 1-cm length, is used for the optical sensor head, where the injected Cu²⁺ in the liquid phase acts as a liquid cladding for the optical mode. The various Cu²⁺ concentrations modulate the numerical aperture (NA) of the liquid cladding waveguide part. The degree of NA mismatch between the liquid cladding and solid cladding guided parts gives rise to an optical power transmittance change, forming the sensing principle. The presented liquid cladding fiber sensor exhibits a minimum resolvable refractive index of 2.48 × 10^-6. For Cu²⁺ detection, we functionalize the sensor head surface (fiber core) using chitosan conjugated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) which captures Cu²⁺ effectively due to the enhanced chelating effects. We obtain a limit of detection of Cu²⁺ of 1.62 nM (104 ppt), which is significantly lower than the tolerable level in drinking water (~30 µM), and achieve a dynamic range of 1 mM. The simple structure of the sensor head and the sensing system ensures the potential capability of being miniaturized. This may allow for in-situ, highly-sensitive, heavy metal sensors in a compact format.