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Related Concept Videos

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
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Normal Distribution01:11

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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Normal Stress01:19

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Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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Applications of Normal Distribution01:22

Applications of Normal Distribution

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The normal distribution is a useful statistical tool. One of its practical applications is determining the door height after considering the normal distribution of heights of persons, such that many can pass through it easily without striking their heads. The normal distribution can also determine the probability of a person having a height less than a specific height.
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Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
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The normal range: it is not normal and it is not a range.

Martin Brunel Whyte1,2, Philip Kelly3

  • 1Department of Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK m.b.whyte@surrey.ac.uk.

Postgraduate Medical Journal
|November 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Laboratory results are often misunderstood. This article clarifies that

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Pathology
  • Laboratory Medicine
  • Diagnostic Interpretation

Background:

  • The NHS 'Choose Wisely' campaign promotes enhanced clinician-patient dialogue regarding health data.
  • Patients frequently receive laboratory results and seek to understand their normality.
  • The common understanding of 'normal range' often equates to health, with deviations indicating disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine the concept of 'normality' in the context of laboratory results.
  • To differentiate between 'normal range' and the scientifically accurate term 'reference interval'.
  • To propose optimized strategies for interpreting reference intervals to improve patient comprehension.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical discussion on the concept of normality in clinical diagnostics.
  • Analysis of the definition and application of reference intervals.
  • Review of factors influencing the interpretation of laboratory data.

Main Results:

  • The 'normal range' is more accurately termed the 'reference interval'.
  • Clinical risk associated with a measured value is continuous, not a binary state.
  • Normality is a relative and situational concept, not an absolute definition of health.

Conclusions:

  • Reference intervals serve as a point of reference for interpreting individual results, not as a definitive measure of normality.
  • Understanding the relativity of normality is crucial for the development and application of reference intervals.
  • Optimizing the use and interpretation of reference intervals can significantly enhance patient understanding of their laboratory data.