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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Luminescence Lifetime Imaging of O2 with a Frequency-Domain-Based Camera System
Published on: December 16, 2019
Luminescence lifetime encoding in time-domain flow cytometry
Daniel Kage1,2, Katrin Hoffmann1, Marc Wittkamp3
1Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Biophotonics Division 1.2, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489, Berlin, Germany.
Abstract:
Time-resolved flow cytometry represents an alternative to commonly applied spectral or intensity multiplexing in bioanalytics. At present, the vast majority of the reports on this topic focuses on phase-domain techniques and specific applications. In this report, we present a flow cytometry platform with time-resolved detection based on a compact setup and straightforward time-domain measurements utilizing lifetime-encoded beads with lifetimes in the nanosecond range. We provide general assessment of time-domain flow cytometry and discuss the concept of this platform to address achievable resolution limits, data analysis, and requirements on suitable encoding dyes. Experimental data are complemented by numerical calculations on photon count numbers and impact of noise and measurement time on the obtained lifetime values.
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