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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

196.7K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Regulating gene expression in animals through RNA endonucleolytic cleavage.

Karen Gu1,2, Lawrence Mok1, Mark M W Chong1,2

  • 1St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Fitzroy, Australia.

Heliyon
|November 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression in animals is precisely controlled through RNA cleavage mechanisms. These processes regulate gene expression and defend against viruses and transposons.

Keywords:
BiochemistryMolecular biologyVirology

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gene expression requires precise control at multiple levels.
  • Post-transcriptional regulation includes messenger RNA (mRNA) stability control.
  • RNA cleavage is a key mechanism for regulating mRNA stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review RNA endonucleolytic cleavage mechanisms in animals.
  • To discuss their roles in gene regulation and genome defense.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RNA cleavage mechanisms.
  • Focus on endogenous short inhibitory RNAs (endo-siRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).
  • Discussion of Ribonuclease III (RNase III) enzymes like Drosha and Dicer.

Main Results:

  • mRNA cleavage is widespread in animals, beyond microRNA (miRNA)-induced pathways.
  • endo-siRNAs and piRNAs induce RNA cleavage for genome defense against transposons.
  • RNases act as antiviral mediators, cleaving viral RNA.

Conclusions:

  • Animals utilize diverse RNA endonucleolytic cleavage mechanisms.
  • These mechanisms are crucial for regulating gene expression.
  • RNA cleavage serves as a defense against genomic parasites and viral infections.