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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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A Novel Sensorized Heart Valve Prosthesis: Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation.

Emanuela Marcelli1, Barbara Bortolani2, Ivan Corazza3

  • 1Laboratory of Bioengineering, DIMES Department, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy. emanuela.marcelli@unibo.it.

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Summary

A new sensorized heart valve prosthesis (HVP) uses electrical impedance (IVI) to detect early thrombus formation. This technology promises to identify reduced leaflet motion, aiding in timely anticoagulation therapy adjustments.

Keywords:
continuous monitoringelectric impedanceheart valve prosthesisimplantable sensorvalve thrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Devices
  • Implantable Sensors

Background:

  • Subclinical valve thrombosis in heart valve prostheses (HVP) can cause reduced leaflet motion, often detected only by advanced imaging.
  • Early detection of thrombus formation is crucial for preventing complications and optimizing patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel sensorized HVP capable of early thrombus detection.
  • To assess the feasibility of using electrical impedance measurements (IntraValvular Impedance - IVI) for monitoring HVP function.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of dedicated electrodes into an HVP structure for IVI measurement.
  • Testing of a prototype sensorized mechanical heart valve on a circulatory mock loop system.
  • Recording IVI signals during normal and experimentally altered leaflet dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Stable and repetitive IVI signals were observed during normal HVP operation.
  • Alterations in leaflet motion due to induced changes were successfully reflected in the IVI signals.

Conclusions:

  • The sensorized HVP demonstrates significant potential for early detection of subclinical valve thrombosis.
  • This technology could facilitate personalized anticoagulation therapy by providing real-time functional feedback.