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Epinephrine in mammalian brain.

I N Mefford1

  • 1Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
|January 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary
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Brain epinephrine levels decrease phylogenetically beyond fish. Its synthesis and localization vary, with distinct hormonal and neuronal pools, suggesting roles in arousal and sensory processing in mammals.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Epinephrine (adrenaline) is found across species, primarily in the hypothalamus and brainstem/medulla.
  • Brain epinephrine content generally declines phylogenetically after fishes, with significant interspecies variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phylogenetic distribution, cellular localization, and functional pools of epinephrine in the brain.
  • To elucidate the role of epinephrine in mammalian arousal, reward, and sensory processing.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of brain epinephrine distribution.
  • Cellular localization studies of epinephrine-synthesizing enzymes.
  • Pharmacological investigations into epinephrine's functional roles.

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Main Results:

  • Epinephrine localization is conserved in the hypothalamus and brainstem/medulla across species.
  • Epinephrine synthesis and storage differ between hypothalamic (hormonal) and medullary (neuronal) pools.
  • Corticosteroids influence epinephrine synthesis, potentially via phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity.

Conclusions:

  • Epinephrine exists in distinct functional pools, with extraneuronal synthesis for hormonal and forebrain pools, and neuronal synthesis in the medulla.
  • Epinephrine plays a crucial role in the tonic regulation of arousal, reward, and environmental sensitivity in mammals.