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Older adults fail to form stable task representations during model-based reversal inference.

Dorothea Hämmerer1, Philipp Schwartenbeck2, Maria Gallagher3

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany.

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Older adults struggle with uncertain environments due to poor task representations impacting learning. This leads to difficulties in cognitive flexibility and decision-making, affecting model-based inference.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Aging research

Background:

  • Older adults exhibit cognitive decline in dynamic environments.
  • Difficulties in forming task representations are linked to navigation challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of inadequate task representations on model-based reversal learning in older adults.
  • Isolate the role of task representations in feedback evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computational modeling and pupillometry.
  • Developed a novel model-based reversal learning task.

Main Results:

  • Older adults overestimate environmental changeability, hindering task representation convergence.
  • Unreliable task representations correlate with reduced attention to relevant feedback and lower metacognitive awareness.
  • Behavior suggests reliance on outcome valence over informative feedback.

Conclusions:

  • Inability to form adequate task representations is a key factor in impaired model-based inference in older adults.
  • Findings highlight the importance of cognitive flexibility and adaptive learning in aging.