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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Implementation is the execution of the nursing care plan developed during the planning phase.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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A Biomechatronic EPP upper-limb prosthesis teleoperation system implementation using Bluetooth Low Energy.

Nikolaos Koukoulas, Georgios A Bertos, Anestis Mablekos-Alexiou

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a wireless Biomechatronic Extended Physiological Proprioception (EPP) system for amputees, replacing mechanical links with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for seamless prosthetic arm control and kinesthetic feedback.

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    Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG
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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Robotics
    • Human-Computer Interaction

    Background:

    • Traditional Extended Physiological Proprioception (EPP) systems often rely on mechanical linkages.
    • Wireless solutions are needed to improve the flexibility and user experience of prosthetic control.
    • Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers a low-power, efficient wireless communication protocol suitable for real-time applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and implement a real-time, stand-alone wireless Biomechatronic Extended Physiological Proprioception (EPP) teleoperation system.
    • To achieve kinesthetic coupling between an amputee and a prosthetic arm without mechanical connections.
    • To evaluate the performance of a wireless Master/Slave teleoperation topology using BLE.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a wireless teleoperation system using two Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Systems on Chip (SoCs).
    • Design based on a Master/Slave teleoperation topology for wireless kinesthetic coupling.
    • Real-time experimental validation of the system's functionality and performance.

    Main Results:

    • Successful implementation of a stand-alone wireless Biomechatronic EPP teleoperation system.
    • Demonstrated kinesthetic coupling without traditional mechanical linkages.
    • Achieved a high level of transparency in real-time operation with minimal time delays.

    Conclusions:

    • Wireless Biomechatronic EPP systems are feasible and effective for prosthetic control.
    • BLE technology enables efficient and low-latency wireless teleoperation for enhanced prosthetic limbs.
    • The developed system offers a promising alternative to traditional mechanical EPP systems, improving amputee experience.