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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Cognitive Science
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Motor imagery (MI) is crucial for motor control and rehabilitation, with kinesthetic (KMI) and visual (VMI) types.
    • Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures like event-related desynchronization (ERD) and synchronization (ERS) are used to characterize MI types.
    • Current methods lack definitive accuracy in estimating MI type due to potential mismatches between instructed and performed imagery, often influenced by MI difficulty.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between the perceived difficulty of motor imagery (MI) and the resulting electroencephalogram (EEG) event-related desynchronization (ERD) patterns.
    • To determine if MI difficulty can be used to accurately estimate the type of MI (kinesthetic vs. visual) being performed.
    • To explore the utility of alpha-band ERD (αERD) in the occipital area for assessing MI difficulty and type.

    Main Methods:

    • Examined electroencephalogram (EEG) data during single flexion of the right index finger (SFRIF) task.
    • Recorded alpha-band event-related desynchronization (αERD) at occipital electrodes (O1, O2) under kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) and visual motor imagery (VMI) instructions.
    • Correlated αERD patterns with subjects' self-reported MI difficulty and compared them with movement execution (ME) and movement observation (MO) conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Subjects perceiving KMI as less difficult showed significantly smaller αERD at occipital sites under KMI compared to VMI instructions.
    • Subjects who found KMI very difficult exhibited similar αERD patterns between KMI and VMI instructions.
    • For subjects finding MI easy, occipital αERD during KMI and VMI mirrored patterns observed during movement execution (ME) and movement observation (MO), respectively.

    Conclusions:

    • Perceived difficulty of motor imagery (MI) significantly influences EEG ERD/ERS patterns, particularly in the occipital area.
    • Alpha-band ERD (αERD) patterns in the occipital region can potentially estimate the difficulty level of MI for tasks like single flexion of the right index finger (SFRIF).
    • This finding offers a novel approach to differentiate MI types by considering the subjective experience of difficulty, improving accuracy in BCI applications.