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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

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Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

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An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
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Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

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A Steerable Endoscope for Transnasal Skull Base Surgery.

Seong-Il Kwon, Geunwoong Ryu, Sungchul Kang

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel, miniaturized endoscopic system for minimally invasive pituitary tumor and craniopharyngioma observation. Expert evaluations confirmed its intuitive maneuverability and potential for improved surgical visualization.

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    Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Devices
    • Minimally Invasive Surgery
    • Endoscopy

    Background:

    • Pituitary tumors and craniopharyngiomas require precise visualization for effective treatment.
    • Existing endoscopic systems may have limitations in maneuverability and field of view for complex anatomical regions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a novel, miniaturized endoscopic system for minimally invasive observation of pituitary tumors and craniopharyngiomas.
    • To assess the system's maneuverability, field of view coverage, and user-friendliness.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a 3 mm diameter end-effector with an image sensor attached to a Polyamide-imide (PAI) manipulator.
    • The end-effector features 2 degrees of freedom for bending, enhancing maneuverability.
    • System integration including a controller and foot switch, followed by qualitative experiments and specialist evaluations.

    Main Results:

    • The end-effector achieved 92.8% coverage of desired fields of view compared to fixed-angle endoscopes.
    • Qualitative experiments demonstrated basic system functionality and verification.
    • User evaluations from three specialists yielded positive feedback on operational procedures and intuitive maneuverability.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed miniaturized endoscopic system shows significant potential for minimally invasive neurosurgery.
    • The system offers enhanced maneuverability and broad field of view coverage for pituitary and skull base surgeries.
    • Further development and clinical validation are warranted to fully realize its surgical applications.