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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Employing Aeroponic Systems for the Clonal Propagation of Cannabis
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Sample Processing and Preparation Considerations for Solid Cannabis Products.

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Proper cannabis sampling and preparation are crucial for accurate analysis in the emerging industry. Cryogenic grinding effectively preserves volatile compounds, ensuring reliable results.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • The cannabis industry faces challenges due to a lack of standardized methods and legal complexities.
  • Sampling and preparing cannabis material is difficult due to its economic value, complex nature, and heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges in cannabis material sampling and sample processing.
  • To compare cannabis sample preparation techniques with those used for similar materials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sampling and sample preparation techniques.
  • Examination of mechanisms for sample processing in cannabis analysis.
  • Comparison of preparation techniques for targeted analytes.

Main Results:

  • Cryogenic grinding is identified as a superior method for sample processing, particularly for preserving volatile compounds.
  • Standardized sampling procedures and the use of reference standards are vital for ensuring homogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Implementing proper sampling techniques and preparation procedures enhances the accuracy and reproducibility of cannabis analysis.
  • Standardization is key to overcoming challenges in the nascent cannabis industry.