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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Forestry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Trade-offs and synergies among forest ecosystem services are prevalent but their underlying drivers remain unclear.
  • Effective forest management requires understanding how to promote multiple services simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationships between forest attributes and environmental factors with the supply of 14 ecosystem services.
  • To identify key drivers of synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 12 stand-level forest attributes (structure, composition, heterogeneity, diversity) and 4 environmental factors.
  • Assessment of proxies for 14 ecosystem services across 150 temperate forest plots.

Main Results:

  • Forest attributes were the primary predictors for most ecosystem services and identified synergies/trade-offs.
  • Environmental factors influenced ecosystem services, often in conjunction with forest attributes.

Conclusions:

  • Increasing structural heterogeneity, retaining large trees, and maintaining canopy gaps can promote multiple ecosystem services.
  • Forest management strategies can foster multifunctional forests, and landscape-scale coordination can mitigate service trade-offs.