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Elimination reactions of alkyl halides can yield one or more alkenes depending on the specific regiochemical and stereochemical considerations. While the regiochemistry of the reaction governs the location of the double bond in the product, the stereochemical requirements often influence the geometry.
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SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Prostaglandin E2 decrease in induced sputum of hypersensitive asthmatics during oral challenge with aspirin.

Lucyna Mastalerz1, Katarzyna E Tyrak1, Maria Ignacak1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Cracow, Poland.

Allergy
|November 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) involves prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) regulation. Aspirin challenge decreased PGE2 biosynthesis in NERD patients, suggesting its inhibition triggers bronchoconstriction.

Keywords:
eicosanoidsinduced sputumnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory diseaseoral aspirin challengeprostaglandins

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pulmonology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is linked to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) regulation.
  • The precise role of PGE2 in NERD pathogenesis requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of systemic aspirin administration on airway PGE2 biosynthesis in individuals with NERD, aspirin-tolerant asthma with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (ATA-CRSwNP), and healthy controls (HC).

Main Methods:

  • Induced sputum (IS) was collected from NERD, ATA-CRSwNP, and HC groups.
  • Prostanoid and leukotriene levels in IS supernatant (ISS) were quantified using mass spectrometry after aspirin challenge.
  • Urinary LTE4 excretion was measured via ELISA.

Main Results:

  • NERD subjects exhibited higher sputum eosinophil counts compared to ATA-CRSwNP and HC groups.
  • Baseline ISS PGE2 levels were elevated in asthmatic subjects (NERD and ATA-CRSwNP) versus HC.
  • Aspirin challenge significantly decreased ISS PGE2 levels in NERD and HC groups, but not in ATA-CRSwNP.

Conclusions:

  • Aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction in NERD is associated with reduced airway PGE2 biosynthesis.
  • These findings support the hypothesis that PGE2 biosynthesis inhibition acts as a trigger for bronchoconstriction in NERD.