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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
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Health and economic development since 1900.

Daniel Gallardo-Albarrán1

  • 1Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Economics and Human Biology
|November 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Health disparities significantly impacted global economic inequality throughout the 20th century. Reductions in these health differences drove income convergence, preventing greater economic disparities today.

Area of Science:

  • Health economics
  • Human capital theory
  • Economic history

Background:

  • The 20th century saw major health improvements globally, yet progress was uneven, creating significant cross-country health inequalities.
  • Understanding the interplay between health and economic development is crucial for addressing global disparities.

Observation:

  • Life expectancy differences were a substantial driver of between-country income inequality in 1900 and 1955.
  • Health inequalities contributed significantly to economic disparities between nations.

Findings:

  • The reduction of cross-country health differentials from the mid-20th century to 1990 was a key factor in income convergence.
  • Without health convergence post-1955, current between-country income inequality would be nearly 20% higher.

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  • The impact of health on income levels has remained constant in recent decades due to slowed health convergence.

    • Implications:

    • Addressing health inequalities is vital for promoting global economic equality.
    • Policies aimed at improving health outcomes in lower-income countries can foster economic growth and reduce income gaps.
    • Future research should explore the drivers of decelerated health convergence and its economic consequences.