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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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How language and event recall can shape memory for time.

Yaqi Wang1, Silvia P Gennari1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of York, United Kingdom.

Cognitive Psychology
|November 20, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory for event duration is distorted by how much information is recalled per second. Language further alters duration memory by combining episodic details with verbal concepts during recollection.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Memory for event duration is influenced by perceived structure during encoding.
  • Temporal distortions in memory are not fully understood, especially regarding language's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how recalled information density and language affect memory for event duration.
  • To determine if language-mediated encoding or recollection distorts temporal memory.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied animated stimuli with language cues (fast/slow motion).
  • Mental reproduction and verbal recall of stimuli were performed.
  • Stimulus study duration and recall cue type (visual/linguistic) were manipulated.

Main Results:

  • Information density (details per second) explained temporal distortions: higher density events were lengthened, lower density events were shortened.
  • Language cues during recall further distorted duration, suggesting combination of details and verbal concepts during recollection.

Conclusions:

  • Recalled information density and language-mediated recollection significantly shape memory for event duration.
  • Temporal memory distortions arise from event encoding and retrieval processes, influenced by language.