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Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
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A glance at imaging bladder cancer.
Ebru Salmanoglu1,2, Ethan Halpern1,3, Edouard J Trabulsi3,4
1Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
Clinical and Translational Imaging
|November 21, 2018
Summary
Early bladder cancer (BCa) detection is crucial. This review examines conventional and novel imaging techniques for BCa diagnosis, highlighting their strengths and limitations for improved patient management.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Radiology
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Bladder cancer (BCa) diagnosis and staging rely heavily on imaging.
- Accurate early detection of BCa is essential for effective disease management.
- Conventional and advanced imaging modalities offer different diagnostic capabilities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review conventional and novel imaging methods for early bladder cancer detection.
- To outline the advantages and disadvantages of various imaging techniques for BCa.
- To identify the need for improved imaging in bladder cancer diagnosis and staging.
Main Methods:
- Literature search conducted on PubMed, PMC, and Google Scholar (January 2014 - February 2018).
- Keywords used included "bladder cancer, bladder tumor, bladder cancer detection, diagnosis and imaging".
- Review included 81 retrieved publications.
Main Results:
- Cystoscopy and CT scans are common for suspected BCa with hematuria.
- Ultrasonography, MRI, PET/CT (using 18F-FDG or 11C-choline), and PET/MRI are also significant.
- CT and MRI have limitations in differentiating early-stage tumors and nodal staging.
Conclusions:
- Cystoscopy is standard but cannot detect carcinoma in situ or differentiate benign/malignant lesions.
- CT/CTU aid diagnosis and staging but struggle with T1/T2 BCa differentiation.
- MRI differentiates invasive from non-invasive BCa; PET/CT and PET/MRI show promise for nodal staging and improved differentiation, but novel methods are needed.
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