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Internal Energy02:00

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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Hepatic Angiosarcoma: A Multi-institutional, International Experience with 44 Cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hepatology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Hepatic angiosarcoma is an exceptionally rare primary malignancy originating in the liver.
  • Understanding its clinical presentation and treatment outcomes is crucial for improving patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and survival outcomes of patients with hepatic angiosarcoma.
  • To analyze presentation patterns and treatment efficacy in a contemporary patient cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, multi-institutional, observational study design.
  • Inclusion of patients with histopathologically confirmed primary hepatic angiosarcoma from four medical centers.
  • Examination of clinicopathologic data, treatment interventions, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Forty-four patients with hepatic angiosarcoma were identified, predominantly Caucasian, with a median age of 63.7 years.
  • Most patients presented with advanced disease: 81.4% had bilobar involvement and 37.2% had metastatic disease.
  • Surgical resection was performed in only 10 patients, with a median overall survival of 5.8 months; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 30.0%, 8.1%, and 5.6%, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatic angiosarcoma carries a dismal prognosis, underscoring the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
  • Surgical resection is associated with the best outcomes, particularly for patients with localized disease.
  • The majority of patients are diagnosed with unresectable disease due to limitations in current imaging modalities.