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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

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Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

A Practical Guide to Barley Crossing.

William T B Thomas¹, Hazel Bull^2,3, Allan Booth⁴

¹The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK. Bill.Thomas@hutton.ac.uk.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|November 22, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a method for emasculating and pollinating barley plants, enabling controlled hybridization. This technique facilitates the introduction of new genetic variations for desirable traits in barley breeding programs.

Keywords:

Anthers Barley Emasculation Pollination Spikelets

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Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

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Metabolomic Analysis of Barley by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Metabolomic Analysis of Barley by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Plant Breeding
Genetics

Background:

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a self-pollinating hermaphrodite crop, leading to minimal variation between generations.
Introducing desirable traits requires controlled cross-pollination, necessitating human intervention for hybridization.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a reliable method for emasculating and pollinating barley plants.
To facilitate controlled hybridization for introducing new genetic variation in barley.

Main Methods:

Emasculation of female parent barley plants to prevent self-pollination.
Controlled pollination using pollen from selected male parent barley plants.
Application of the described method in both glasshouse and field conditions.

Main Results:

Successful emasculation and pollination of barley plants were achieved.
The described method ensures the production of hybrid seeds from complementary parent lines.
The technique is adaptable for use in diverse controlled environments, including glasshouses and fields.

Conclusions:

A practical and effective method for barley emasculation and pollination is presented.
This technique is crucial for breeders aiming to create hybrid barley varieties with enhanced characteristics.
The study provides a valuable tool for advancing barley genetic improvement and crop development.